Throughout 2023, Gulf countries adopted a set of policies and actions regarding the most prominent regional concerns of these countries, which were the Yemeni crisis, maritime security of the Arabian Peninsula, the conflict in Sudan, and the war in Gaza. These policies were linked to the nature of the regional and international context last year, which will also affect Gulf movements in 2024.

The context in the Gulf region in 2023 was characterized by relative calm and stability, amid the Saudi-Iranian agreement in March 2023 to restore and normalize relations, which in turn was reflected in a number of Gulf issues, as the Saudi-Iranian struggles represented one of the most prominent determinants of foreign and security policies in the Gulf region as a whole.

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