The deteriorating economic conditions of several countries, as well as the political orientations and strategic interests of others, impose an increasing state of disagreement on particular economic issues, which requires international coordination to confront them so that their negative effects do not worsen, and hence have an extended economic and political cost.

The growing economic uncertainty and countries’ efforts to advance their own agendas and interests, coupled with what the Russian-Ukrainian war and the Israeli aggression in Gaza have declared of Western double standards, have contributed to the increased divisions among countries. Developing nations have become more committed to pursuing economic gains, particularly in light of growing mistrust of Western trends that manifestly serve their interests at the expense of underdeveloped and developing nations.

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